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Anjem Choudary – Enemy of the British way of life

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Anjem Choudary

Anjem Choudary faces UK terrorism charges over Islamic State

Radical UK preacher Anjem Choudary is one of two men who has been charged with inviting support for Islamic State militants, Scotland Yard says.

He and another man, Mohammed Mizanur Rahman, have each been charged with one offence under section 12 of the Terrorism Act 2000.

The offences are alleged to have taken place between 29 June 2014 and 6 March this year.

See below for background and video clip.

See BBC News for full story

bbc news

 Anjem Choudary

Hannity to Anjem Choudary: “You’re One Sick Miserable Evil SOB”

Anjem Choudary (Urdu: انجم چودهرى; born 1967) is a British Muslim social and political activist. He was previously a solicitor and served as the chairman of the Society of Muslim Lawyers, and, until it was proscribed, as the spokesman for Islamist group, Islam4UK.

With Omar Bakri Muhammad, he helped form an Islamist organisation, al-Muhajiroun. The group organised several anti-Western demonstrations, including a banned protest march in London for which Choudary was summonsed to appear in court. Al-Muhajiroun was disbanded following the UK government’s decision to ban it. Choudary was present at the launch of its intended successor, Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah, and later helped form Al Ghurabaa, which was also banned. He then became the spokesman for Islam4UK.

A critic of the UK’s involvement in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, Choudary praised those responsible for the 11 September 2001 and 7 July 2005 attacks. He supports the implementation of Sharia law throughout the UK and marched in protest at the Jyllands-Posten cartoons controversy, following which he was prosecuted for organising an unlawful demonstration. He was investigated, but not charged, for his comments in 2006 regarding Pope Benedict XVI. He receives little support from mainstream UK Muslims and has been largely criticised in the country’s media.

Early life

Born in the UK in 1967, Anjem Choudary is the son of a Welling market trader and is of Pakistani descent.[1][2] He attended Mulgrave Primary School, in Woolwich.[3] He enrolled as a medical student at the University of Southampton, where he was known as Andy, but after excessive partying, failed his first-year exams. Responding to claims that he was a “party animal” who joined his friends in “getting stoned”, in 2014 Choudary commented “I admit that I wasn’t always practising… I committed many mistakes in my life.”[3][4] He switched to law and spent his final year as a legal student (1990–1991) at Guildford, before moving to London to teach English as a second language. He became a lawyer after he found work at a legal firm and completed his legal qualifications.[5] Choudary became the chairman of the Society of Muslim Lawyers, but was removed from the roll of solicitors (the official register of legal practitioners) in 2002.[1]

Choudary first came to public attention in 1999, when The Sunday Telegraph identified him as having played an instrumental role in the recruitment of Muslim trainees leaving Britain to fight abroad. He told the newspaper “before they go abroad to fight for organisations like the IIF, the volunteers are trained in Britain. Some of the training does involve guns and live ammunition.”[6]

Al-Muhajiroun

Choudary embraced Islamism and, with the Islamist militant leader Omar Bakri Muhammed, co-founded al-Muhajiroun.[1] The two men had met at a local mosque, where Bakri was giving a tafsir.[7] In 2002 the group was refused a permit for a rally in London, by the then Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone. Ignoring the ban, they held a rally on 25 August, for which Choudary was summonsed to Bow Street Magistrates’ Court on 14 January 2003, on charges which included “exhibiting a notice, advertisement or any other written or pictorial matter”, “using apparatus for the amplification of sound”, “making a public speech or address”, and “organising an assembly”.[8] In the same year Choudary gave a talk on education at Slough, where he outlined his ideas for a parallel system of Islamic education in the UK. His speech followed a bazaar organised by al-Muhajiroun, advertised by leaflet and word of mouth. Choudary also included elements of the group’s ideology in his lecture.[9]

In 2003 or 2004 he organised an Islamic-themed camping trip, at which Bakri lectured, on the 54-acre (220,000 m2) grounds of the Jameah Islamiyah School in East Sussex. Advertised by word-of-mouth, the trip was attended by 50 Muslim men, most of whom were members of al-Muhajiroun. Bakri later claimed the camp’s activities included lectures on Islam, football and paintballing.[10] In September 2006, following allegations that it was used in the training and recruitment of terrorists, police searched the school. According to testimony from Al Qaeda suspects held at the Guantanamo Bay detainment camp, in 1997 and 1998 Abu Hamza and groups of around 30 of his followers held training camps at the school, which included training with AK47 rifles and handguns, and a mock rocket launcher.[11] No arrests were made, and students and faculty were allowed to return on 23 September 2006, the first day of Ramadan.[12]

The UK government had investigated expelling Bakri even before the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and in July 2003 the headquarters of al-Muhajiroun, and the homes of Bakri and Choudary, were raided by the police.[13] The following year, under new anti-terrorist legislation, the government announced that it wished to ban al-Muhajiroun from operating in the UK. In 2005 Bakri learned that he was at risk of prosecution for his support of the 7 July 2005 London bombers, and in August left the UK for Lebanon, where he claimed that he was on holiday.[14] After leaving a television station where he said “I will not return to Britain unless I want to go there as a visitor or as a tourist”, he was detained by Lebanon’s general security department and held in a Beirut prison.[15] Several days later, Bakri was excluded from returning to Britain by the Home Secretary, Charles Clarke, on the grounds that his presence in Britain was “not conducive to the public good.” Choudary condemned the decision and demanded to know what Bakri had done to justify the ban. He claimed that ministers were inventing rules to ensure that Bakri could not return.[16] In November Choudary was deported from Lebanon, along with three other followers of Bakri, and returned to the UK. Choudary claimed that they were there to help Bakri set up a madrasah, and blamed the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for orchestrating their deportations.[17]

Following his deportation, Choudary attended the launch in London of Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah, the intended successor organisation to al-Muhajiroun. Choudary said that Bakri was not on the committee of the new group, but that “we would love for the sheikh to have a role.”[18] The organisation operates mainly through an invitation-only internet forum, to which Choudary contributes under the screen name Abou Luqman.[citation needed] A reporter visiting the site found calls for holy war, and recordings by Osama Bin Laden, Ayman al-Zawahiri, and Omar Bakri Mohammed.[19]

Al-Muhajiroun attempted a relaunch in June 2009 at Conway Hall, in Holborn. Several speakers were invited to share a platform with Choudary, but some later claimed that they had been invited under false pretences. When the group refused to allow women into the meeting, the chairman of the society which runs the hall cancelled the event. He was heckled by many of those in the audience. Choudary took the microphone from the chairman and led chants of “sharia for UK”, saying in reference to the exclusion of women: “Jews and Christians will never make peace with you until you either become like them or adopt their ways.” Outside the hall, Choudary criticised British society, and predicted that Muslims would make up the majority within one or two decades. When asked why, if society was so bad, he lived here, he replied: “We come here to civilise people, get them to come out of the darkness and injustice into the beauty of Islam.”[20]

Al Ghurabaa

Choudary was also a spokesman for Al Ghurabaa, believed to have been an offshoot of al-Muhajiroun. It was proscribed in 2006 by the then Home Secretary John Reid.[21] Choudary was outraged: “The easy option when one is losing an argument is to ban the opposition voice. … We [al-Ghurabaa] are not a military organisation; we have only been vociferous in our views—views concerning everything from the government’s foreign policy in Iraq and Afghanistan to the host of draconian laws, which they’ve introduced against us in this country.”[22]

Islam4UK

Main article: Islam4UK

In November 2008, Choudary organised a meeting of the newly formed Islam4UK, which, according to its website, was “established by sincere Muslims as a platform to propagate the supreme Islamic ideology within the United Kingdom as a divine alternative to man-made law”, and to “convince the British public about the superiority of Islam … thereby changing public opinion in favour of Islam in order to transfer the authority and power … to the Muslims in order to implement the Sharee’ah (here in Britain)”.[23] According to Ed Husain, co-founder of the counter-terrorism think-tank the Quilliam Foundation, Islam4UK was a “splinter group of al-Muhajiroun and Hizb ut-Tahrir, the originators of extremism in Britain.” The meeting, advertised as a conference to “rise to defend the honour of the Muslims”, was held at the Brady Arts and Community Centre in Tower Hamlets. Choudary then announced that Bakri would be speaking, via a video-conference link, although technical problems meant that his address was instead given over a telephone line. When asked by a Muslim woman how the comments of one of the event’s speakers could be justified, with regards to Islam being a religion of peace, Choudary stated, “Islam is not a religion of peace … It is a religion of submission. We need to submit to the will of Allah.”[24]

The rich resources of Afghanistan, its position on the cusp between the Indian sub-continent, Southern Russian, Asia and China and its populations [sic] call for the Shari’ah are the real reasons why the military has sought to establish a permanent role there, no matter what the cost to the lives and wealth of the indigenous people or indeed their own. Pivotal in this is the desire to prevent Muslims from running their own affairs and establishing an Islamic State if they so wish but rather to maintain a puppet in the area (Mr Karzia) to maintain and protect Western interests.

“
”
Anjem Choudary (3 January 2010), open letter published on Islam4UK website and reprinted in The Telegraph[25]

With the announcement by Islam4UK that it planned to hold a protest march through Wootton Bassett (known for the military funeral repatriations of dead British soldiers returning from the war in Afghanistan), Choudary said “You may see one or two coffins being returned to the UK every other day, but when you think about the people of Afghanistan its a huge number [being killed] in comparison […] I intend to write a letter to the parents of British soldiers telling them the reality of what they died for.”[26] Choudary’s open letter was published on 3 January 2010. In it, he explained his reasons for proposing the march, endorsed his religious beliefs, and claimed that UK politicians had been lying about the war. Choudary stated that the proposed march was to “engage the British publics minds on the real reasons why their soldiers are returning home in body bags and the real cost of the war.”[25] In an interview with Sky News, he stated that the location of the proposed march was chosen to effect a level of media attention which “it would not have gained anywhere else”.[27] The proposed march was condemned by the British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, who said that to offend the families of dead or wounded troops would be “completely inappropriate”,[28] the Minhaj-ul-Quran International UK centre in Forest Gate,[29] and the Muslim Council of Britain, which stated that it “condemns the call by the fringe extremist group Islam4UK for their proposed march in Wootton Bassett.”[30] The planned march was cancelled by the group, on 10 January 2010.[31]

From 14 January 2010, the organisation was proscribed under the Terrorism Act 2000, making membership illegal, and punishable by imprisonment.[32] Choudary condemned the order. In an interview on BBC Radio he said “we are now being targeted as an extremist or terrorist organisation and even banned for merely expressing that. I feel this is a failure of the concept of democracy and freedom.”[33] Following his arrest and subsequent release in September 2014, Choudary claimed he was questioned about his membership of or support for proscribed groups including Islam4UK and Need4Khalifah, both of which the government believes are successors to al-Muhajiroun.[34]

Activism, views and marches

Look, at the end of the day innocent people—when we say ‘innocent people’ we mean Muslims—as far as non-Muslims are concerned they have not accepted Islam and as far as we are concerned that is a crime against God.

“
”
Anjem Choudary, BBC HARDtalk (8 August 2005)[nb 1][35]

Choudary referred to the 11 September terrorists as “magnificent martyrs”, and in 2003 he appeared to endorse terrorist attacks by British Muslims, saying that al-Muhajiroun would “encourage people to fulfil their Islamic duties and responsibilities”. In 2004 he said that a terror attack on British soil was “a matter of time”. He refused to condemn the 7 July 2005 London bombings,[36] but later accused the Muslim Council of Britain (who had condemned both attacks) of “selling their souls to the devil”.[37] He blamed the murder of Lee Rigby, an off-duty British soldier, on British foreign policy.[38]

Choudary has regularly attended public marches, and following a protest march outside the Danish Embassy in London on 3 February 2006, held in response to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, he was a member of a panel of interviewees on the BBC news programme Newsnight. He defended Muslims in Britain, saying that “we live in peace with the host community, we are not allowed to target people here”, and claimed that the police had inspected and allowed the controversial placards used in the demonstration. Choudary was heavily criticised by his fellow panellists, who included Ann Cryer, then MP for Keighley, Humera Khan, of the al-Nisa Muslim Women’s Group (who accused him of demonising Islam), Sayeeda Warsi, the vice-chair of the Conservative Party, Professor Tariq Ramadan (who claimed that Choudary’s actions were designed to evoke a strong response from the media), and Roger Knapman, the leader of the UK Independence Party.[39] On 15 March 2006 he was among five men arrested in connection with the demonstration, which had been organised by al Ghurabaa.[40] He was arrested again on 4 May at Stansted Airport for an alleged breach of bail, and charged with organising the protest without notifying police. He was bailed to appear before Bow Street Magistrates Court on 11 May.[41] On 4 July 2006 he was convicted and fined £500 with £300 court costs.[42]

The following day, at an Al Ghurabaa press conference at the Al Badr centre in Leyton, Choudary claimed that the blame for the London bombings lay with the British government, and said that the then Prime Minister, Tony Blair, had “blood on his hands”. He also urged Muslims to defend themselves against perceived attacks by “whatever means they have at their disposal”, and referred to the 2 June 2006 Forest Gate raid in which Mohammed Abdul Kahar was shot in the shoulder. He encouraged Muslims not to co-operate with the police under any circumstances. Local council leader Clyde Loakes criticised Choudary’s comments, stating “I am sure the vast majority of Waltham Forest residents do not support these views.”[43] Several days later, on 9 June 2006, Choudary organised a demonstration outside the Forest Gate police station in London, to protest against the arrest of the two Forest Gate men. This was actively opposed by the families of the two arrested men, who said that an extremist protest would “only give another opportunity for our community to be portrayed in a negative light”, and sent a statement to more than twenty mosques which was read to worshippers during prayers, urging them to disassociate themselves from the event. About 35 men and 15 women attended the demonstration.[44]

Had we been aware that Al Ghurabaa was booking the hall, we would have refused this request as the values and ethos of Al Ghurabaa do not reflect those of Al Badr, a community-based organisation committed to help promote community harmony.

“
”
Al Badr spokesman (July 2006)[43]

Choudary has voiced support for the Muslim community in Somalia, who, he claims, have been “violated” by Christian-backed Ethiopians, and has also called for other members to fight jihad.[45] He led an anti-Shia protest in London in May 2013 which turned violent.[46]

Choudary strongly believes in the primacy of Islam over all other faiths, and the implementation of Sharia Law, in its entirety, in the UK. In 2001 he stated that his allegiance is to Islam, and not a country. He believes that, for a true Muslim, “a British passport is no more than a travel document.”[47] In October 2006 he addressed a debate at Trinity College, Dublin, where as spokesman for al-Muhajiroun he spoke against the motion that “This house believes that Islamist violence can never be justified”. Supporting him were Sulayman Keeler, from al-Ghurabaa, and Omar Brooks, leader of the Saviour Sect Group. Among those supporting the motion, the Islamic scholar Sheikh Al Saleh said that “Islam is the heritage of mankind”, and Shaheed Satardian of the Supreme Muslim Council of Ireland criticised “Muslim vigilantes” who had made attempts on his life, and fire-bombed his home in South Africa. Satardian said that his younger brother had been killed by extremists, and told Choudary “I believe violence perpetrated in the name of Islam is a terrible slur on the name of Islam.”[48] In February 2008 the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, commented that “as a matter of fact certain provisions of sharia are already recognised in our society and under our law”.[49] Choudary responded by saying that Sharia “has to be adopted wholesale”, and that “it will come either by embracing Islam because it is the fastest growing religion in the country, or by an Islamic country conquering Britain or by elements embracing Islam and imposing it.”[50]

In 2008 he spoke of the “flag of Sharia” flying over Downing Street by 2020,[nb 2] claimed that some Muslim families in east London were having “10 or 12 children each”, and that hundreds were converting to Islam each day.[37] Choudary has spoken against elements of the Christian faith. In December 2008 he posted a sermon on an Islamic website, in which he stated: “Every Muslim has a responsibility to protect his family from the misguidance of Christmas, because its observance will lead to hellfire. Protect your Paradise from being taken away – protect yourself and your family from Christmas”.[51]

In September 2006 Pope Benedict XVI gave a speech on the question of the “reasonableness” of the Christian faith, to the University of Regensburg in Germany. In the Regensburg lecture he spoke about rationality in faith, and cited comments by the fourteenth-century Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, who, as the Pope put it, said “show me just what Mohamed brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.” The citation attracted severe criticism from Muslims around the world, including the parliament of Pakistan which condemned the Pope for his comments, and which sought an apology from him.[52] Following the speech, on 17 September Choudary led a protest outside Westminster Cathedral, where he told reporters “Whoever insults the message of Mohammed is going to be subject to capital punishment.” The Daily Mail reported him as saying: “I am here [to] have a peaceful demonstration, but there may be people in Italy and other parts that would carry that out.”[53] The Metropolitan Police investigated his comments, but concluded that “no substantive offences” were committed during the demonstration. The Shadow Home Secretary, David Davis, who had called for action to be taken against Choudary, said: “It is quite disgraceful. It sends out a message to Muslim extremists that we, as a country, do not have the moral courage to stand up to them.”[54]

He attempted to enter France to demonstrate against the French government’s decision to ban the burka, but was stopped at the port of Calais. His passport was seized and he was issued documents banning him from France indefinitely.[55][56][57]

In an interview with Iran’s Press TV (which was subsequently posted online on 11 April 2013), Choudary stated “As Muslims, we reject democracy, we reject secularism, and freedom, and human rights. We reject all of the things that you espouse as being ideals … There is nothing called a republic in Islam. When we talk about the shari’a, we are talking about only the shari’a. We are talking about rejecting the U.N., the IMF, and the World Bank.”[58]

On 13 December 2013 Choudary led a march in Brick Lane, organised by the east London-based Sharia Project, demanding a ban on alcohol being sold by Muslim establishments.[59][60][61][62] An East London Mosque official, speaking of the patrols, identified The Shariah Project as “strongly linked” to Anjem Choudary’s banned group Al-Muhajiroun.[63] Abu Rumaysah of The Shariah Project had predicted “hundreds” would join the demonstration, claiming that groups of Muslims would come from as far away as the Midlands to take part.[64] In the event, only a few dozen protesters took part in the march.[59][60] Choudary afterwards explained its purpose: “What we did is we posted a notice to the shop owners saying that under Sharia and under the Koran the sale of alcohol is prohibited and if one were to also drink alcohol, that would be 40 lashes. We were there to teach them that just because they are living among non-Muslims is no excuse because Sharia law will be implemented in Britain, and so they should be aware that just because it is not Sharia today, they can’t just do whatever they like.”[60] Choudary said that the Shariah Project group would be arranging many more such rallies.[60]

In 2013 the British pressure group Hope not Hate presented a report which identified Choudary as “a serious player on the international Islamist scene”, saying that although there was no evidence that he was directly responsible for instigating any terrorist plots, “he helped shape the mindset of many of those behind them” and “through his networks linked them up to terror groups and supporters across the world.”[4][65] Choudary dismissed the claims as “fanciful”, that if they were true, UK security services would have arrested him.[66]

In September 2014, Choudary described Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, leader of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, as “the caliph of all Muslims and the prince of the believers”.[4] In August 2015, he and another man, Mohammed Rahman, were charged with inviting support for a proscribed organisation, namely Isis, between June 2014 and March 2015.[67]

Criticism

Islam4UK and its leader Anjem Choudary do not represent or speak for Islam or British Muslims but are a “platform” for the extremist movement al-Muhajiroun. There is no room for such kind of people or their organisations in our community or the peaceful religion of Islam.

“
”
Dr Waqar Azmi OBE of the British Muslim Forum[68]

Choudary has been largely criticised by most UK newspapers, some of whom describe him as an extremist. In January 2010, Guardian contributor Mehdi Hasan wrote: “Is Choudary an Islamic scholar whose views merit attention or consideration? No. Has he studied under leading Islamic scholars? Nope. Does he have any Islamic qualifications or credentials? None whatsoever. So what gives him the right to pontificate on Islam, British Muslims or ‘the hellfire’? Or proclaim himself a ‘sharia judge’?”, and claimed that Choudary was “as unrepresentative of British Muslim opinion, as he is of British anti-war opinion.”[69]

The Conservative Party leader David Cameron said that Choudary “is one of those people who needs to be looked at seriously in terms of the legality of what he’s saying because he strays, I think, extremely close to the line of encouraging hatred, extremism and violence.”[70]

Salma Yaqoob, then leader of the Respect Party, said in 2010 of Choudary: “He is a bigot whose goal in life is to provoke division. He engages in these provocations because he is deeply hostile to any coming together of Muslims and non-Muslims. For him, the fact that a majority of the British people – Muslim and non-Muslim – oppose the war in Afghanistan is not something to be celebrated, but is something to be feared.”[71] Rod Liddle, writing in The Spectator, said: “Anjem Choudray…is one of those thick-as-mince gobby little chancers who could only possibly come from Britain.”[72] Conservatives in the United States have also been critical of Choudary. The Fox News host Sean Hannity called him “one sick, miserable, evil S.O.B.” during a segment on his show discussing the 2011 Egyptian protests.[73]

Choudary has received little support from the mainstream Muslim community.[74] However, in January 2010 Jamie Bartlett, a writer for the Telegraph, speculated that he might have “some” support among the minority of Muslims in the UK who could be considered to hold conservative views.[75]

Tabloid criticism of Islam4UK and Choudary since news of the proposed march first became public has, generally, been vitriolic. The Sun printed an article on 6 January 2010 which claimed that Choudary was in receipt of state benefits in the region of £25,000 and said: “British-born father-of-four Choudary is notoriously vague about whether he works or has other money coming in.” It continued, “He is understood to be employed by a Muslim organisation on a shoestring wage, which allows him to claim income support and free time to spread his hatred.”[76] Choudary had first commented on the matter to the Evening Standard months earlier, stating “I don’t think it’s of any importance”.[77] While generally, follow-up reporting of The Sun’s article was restricted to other tabloid newspapers, on 12 January Choudary was asked to clarify the matter by the ITN reporter Angus Walker. Choudary replied “The money belongs to Allah and if it is given, you can take it. You don’t lie and you don’t cheat – that is what the prophet said. I am not doing anything illegal.”[78] Choudary, appearing on the BBC’s The Daily Politics on 14 January, was asked by its presenter, Andrew Neil, for his opinions on the banning of Islam4UK, before being asked to comment on his financial status, claiming that it was “relevant to our viewers”. Choudary told Neil that his finances were a personal matter, and that he was “doing something, and I don’t want to discuss that with you. I’m not on Jobseeker’s allowance, but at the same time I have family allowance, I have very firmly held views which I’m propagating at the same time.” Responding to the media’s criticism of him, Choudary said “I do believe that people have been whipped up into an anti-Islam anti-Muslim frenzy.”[79]

Personal life

In 1996, Choudary married Rubana Akhtar, who was then 22 years old and had recently joined al-Muhajiroun, which he led at the time. She later became the group’s head of women.[80] The couple have four children.[1]

What does death of Mullah Omar mean for Taliban and Afghanistan?

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What does death of Mullah Omar mean for Taliban and Afghanistan?

Fault Lines – On the Front Lines with the Taliban

Mullah Mohammed Omar Mujahid (Pashto: ملا محمد عمر مجاهد‎, Mullā Muḥammad ‘Umar Mujáhid; 1959/1962[10][11] – 2013), often simply called Mullah Omar, was the supreme commander and the spiritual leader of the Taliban. He was Afghanistan‘s 11th head of state from 1996 to late 2001, under the official title “Head of the Supreme Council”.

Mullah Omar has been wanted by the United States Department of State‘s Rewards for Justice program since October 2001 for sheltering Osama Bin Laden and al-Qaeda militants in the years prior to the September 11 attacks.[12] He was believed to be directing the Taliban insurgency against the United States armed forces-led International Security Assistance Force and the government of Afghanistan.[13][14]

Despite his political rank and his high status on the Rewards for Justice most wanted list,[12] not much was publicly known about him. Only two photos exist of him, neither of them official, and a picture used in 2002 by many media outlets has since been established to be someone other than him. The authenticity of the existing images is debated. There is a lack of images of him, because it is against original Islamic law.[15] Apart from the fact that he is missing one eye, accounts of his physical appearance state that Omar is very tall at around 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m).[16][17] Mullah Omar has been described as shy and non-talkative with foreigners.[18]

During his tenure as Emir of Afghanistan, Omar seldom left the city of Kandahar and rarely met with outsiders,[16] instead relying on Foreign Minister Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil for the majority of diplomatic necessities.

It was reported on 29 July 2015 that he had died two to three years before.[19] This is not the first time Omar has been reported dead since the Taliban’s fall from power; the Afghan government is presently working to verify (or disprove) the July 2015 reports. This was confirmed by the Afghan intelligence agency; however, the Taliban themselves have not issued a confirmatory statement saying he is deceased.[20]

Personal life

According to most sources, Omar was born sometime between 1955 and 1962[11] in a village in Kandahar Province, Kingdom of Afghanistan (in present-day Kandahar Province or Uruzgan Province).[21][22] Some suggest his birth year as 1950[23][24] or 1953,[25] or as late as around 1966.[25][26] His exact place of birth is also uncertain; one possibility is a village called Nodeh near the city of Kandahar.[27][28][29] Matinuddin writes that he was born in 1961 in Nodeh village, Panjwai District, Kandahar Province.[30] Others say Omar was born in a village of the same name in Uruzgan Province.[22] In Omar’s entry in the UNSC‘s Taliban Sanctions List, “Nodeh village, Deh Rahwod District, Uruzgan Province” is given as a possible birthplace.[25] Other reports say Omar was born in 1960 in Noori village near Kandahar.[31] ‘Noori village, Maiwand District, Kandahar Province’ is a second location suggested in Omar’s entry in the Sanctions List.[25] According to a biography of Mullah Omar published online by the Taliban in April 2015, he was born in 1960 in the village of Chah-i-Himmat, in Khakrez District, Kandahar Province.[32] Better established than Omar’s place of birth is that his childhood home was in Deh Rahwod District, Uruzgan Province, having moved to a village there with his uncle after the death of his father.[21] (though some identify the district as Omar’s birthplace).[33]

An ethnic Pashtun, he was born in conservative rural Afghanistan to a poor landless family of the Hotak tribe, which is part of the larger Ghilzai branch.[27] According to Hamid Karzai, “Omar’s father was a local religious leader, but the family was poor and had absolutely no political links in Kandahar or Kabul. They were essentially lower middle class Afghans and were definitely not members of the elite.”[34] His father Mawlawi Ghulam Nabi[25] Akhund died when Omar was young.[21] According to Omar’s own words he was 3 years old when his father died, and thereafter he was raised by his uncles.[35] One of his uncles married Omar’s mother, and the family moved to a village in the poor Deh Rawod District, where the uncle was a religious teacher.[21] It is reported that they lived in the village of Dehwanawark, close to the town of Deh Rahwod.[36]

Omar fought as a rebel soldier with the anti-Soviet Mujahideen under the command of Nek Mohammad and others, but did not fight against the Najibullah regime between 1991 and 1992.[27] It was reported that he was thin, but tall and strongly built, and “a crack marksman who had destroyed many Soviet tanks during the Afghan War.”[37]

Omar was wounded four times. Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef claims to have been present when shrapnel destroyed one of Omar’s eyes during a battle in Sangsar, Panjwaye District shortly before the 1987 Battle of Arghandab.[8] Other sources place this event in 1986[38] or in the 1989 Battle of Jalalabad.[9]

After he was disabled, Omar may have studied and taught in a madrasah, or Islamic seminary. He was reportedly a mullah at a village madrasah near the Afghan city of Kandahar.

Unlike many Afghan mujahideen, Omar speaks Arabic.[39] He was devoted to the lectures of Sheikh Abdullah Azzam,[40] and took a job teaching in a madrassa in Quetta, Pakistan. He later moved to a Mosque in Karachi, Pakistan, where he led prayers, and later met with Osama bin Laden for the first time.[16]

Forming the Taliban

Following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in 1989 and the collapse of Najibullah’s regime in 1992, the country fell into chaos as various mujahideen factions fought for control. Mullah Omar returned to Singesar[when?] and founded a madrassah.[41] According to one legend, in 1994, he had a dream in which a woman told him: “We need your help; you must rise. You must end the chaos. Allah will help you.”[41] Mullah Omar started his movement with less than 50 armed madrassah students, known simply as the Taliban (Students). His recruits came from madrassas in Afghanistan and from the Afghan refugee camps across the border in Pakistan. They fought against the rampant corruption that had emerged in the civil war period and were initially welcomed by Afghans weary of warlord rule.

The practice of bacha bazi by warlords was one of the key factors in Mullah Omar mobilizing the Taliban.[42] Reportedly, in early 1994, Omar led 30 men armed with 16 rifles to free two young girls who had been kidnapped and raped by a warlord, hanging him from a tank gun barrel.[43] Another instance arose when in 1994, a few months before the Taliban took control of Kandahar, two militia commanders confronted each other over a young boy whom they both wanted to sodomize. In the ensuing fight, Omar’s group freed the boy; appeals soon flooded in for Omar to intercede in other disputes.[44] His movement gained momentum through the year, and he quickly gathered recruits from Islamic schools. By November 1994, Mullah Omar’s movement managed to capture the whole of the Kandahar Province and then captured Herat in September 1995.[7]

Leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

On 4 April 1996, supporters of Mullah Omar bestowed on him the title Amir al-Mu’minin (أمير المؤمنين, “Commander of the Faithful”),[45] after he donned a cloak alleged to be that of Muhammad which was locked in a series of chests, held inside the Mosque of the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed in the city of Kandahar. Legend decreed that whoever could retrieve the cloak from the chest would be the great Leader of the Muslims, or “Amir al-Mu’minin“.[46]

In September 1996, Kabul fell to Mullah Omar and his followers. The civil war continued in the northeast corner of the country, near Tajikistan. The nation was named the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in October 1997 and was recognized by Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. A “reclusive, pious and frugal” leader,[16] Omar visited Kabul twice between 1996 to 2001. Omar stated: “All Taliban are moderate. There are two things: extremism [“ifraat”, or doing something to excess] and conservatism [“tafreet”, or doing something insufficiently]. So in that sense, we are all moderates – taking the middle path.”[47]

According to Pakistani journalist Rahimullah Yusufzai, Mullah Omar stated in the late 1990s that “We have told Osama not to use Afghan soil to carry out political activities as it creates unnecessary confusion about Taliban objectives.”[48]

In March 2001, the Buddhas of Bamiyan were destroyed by the Taliban under an edict issued from Mullah Omar, stating: “all the statues around Afghanistan must be destroyed.”.[49] This prompted an international outcry.[50]

In a BBC’s Pashto interview after the September 11 attacks in 2001, he said, “You (the BBC) and American puppet radios have created concern. But the current situation in Afghanistan is related to a bigger cause – that is the destruction of America…This is not a matter of weapons. We are hopeful for God’s help. The real matter is the extinction of America. And, God willing, it [America] will fall to the ground…”[51]

In exile

After the U.S.-led War in Afghanistan began in early October 2001, Omar went into hiding and was still at large. He is thought to be in the Pashtun tribal region of Afghanistan or Pakistan. The United States is offering a reward of US$10 million for information leading to his capture.[12] In November 2001, he ordered Taliban troops to abandon Kabul and take to the mountains, noting that “defending the cities with front lines that can be targeted from the air will cause us terrible loss”.[52]

Claiming that the Americans had circulated “propaganda” that Mullah Omar had gone into hiding, Foreign Minister Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil stated that he would like to “propose that prime minister Blair and president Bush take Kalashnikovs and come to a specified place where Omar will also appear to see who will run and who not.” He stated that Omar was merely changing locations due to security reasons.[53]

In the opening weeks of October 2001, Omar’s house in Kandahar was bombed, killing his 10-year-old son and his uncle.[54]

Mullah Omar continues to have the allegiance of prominent pro-Taliban military leaders in the region, including Jalaluddin Haqqani. The former foe Gulbuddin Hekmatyar‘s faction has also reportedly allied with Omar and the Taliban. In April 2004, Omar was interviewed via phone by Pakistani journalist Mohammad Shehzad.[55] During the interview, Omar claimed that Osama Bin Laden was alive and well, and that his last contact with Bin Laden was months before the interview. Omar declared that the Taliban were “hunting Americans like pigs.”[55]

A captured Taliban spokesman, Muhammad Hanif, told Afghan authorities in January 2007, that Omar was being protected by the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in Quetta, Pakistan.[56]

Numerous statements have been released identified as coming from Omar. In June 2006, a statement regarding the death of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Iraq was released hailing al-Zarqawi as a martyr and claimed that the resistance movements in Afghanistan and Iraq “will not be weakened”.[57] Then in December 2006 Omar reportedly issued a statement expressing confidence that foreign forces will be driven out of Afghanistan.[58]

In January 2007, it was reported that Omar made his “first exchange with a journalist since going into hiding” in 2001 with Muhammad Hanif via email and courier. In it he promised “more Afghan War,” and said the over one hundred suicide bomb attacks in Afghanistan in the last year had been carried out by bombers acting on religious orders from the Taliban – “the mujahedeen do not take any action without a fatwa.”[59] In April 2007, Omar issued another statement through an intermediary encouraging more suicide attacks.[60]

In November 2009, The Washington Times claimed that Omar, assisted by Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) agency, had moved to Karachi in October.[61] In January 2010, Brigadier Amir Sultan Tarar, a retired officer with ISI who previously trained Omar, said that he was ready to break with his al-Qaida allies in order to make peace in Afghanistan: “The moment he gets control the first target will be the al-Qaida people.”[62]

In January 2011, The Washington Post, citing a report from the Eclipse Group, a privately operated intelligence network that may be contracted by the CIA, stated that Omar had suffered a heart attack on 7 January 2011. According to the report, Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence agency rushed Omar to a hospital near Karachi where he was operated on, treated, and then released several days later. Pakistan’s ambassador to the U.S., Husain Haqqani, stated that the report “had no basis whatsoever”.[63]

On 23 May 2011, TOLO News in Afghanistan quoted unnamed sources saying Omar had been killed by ISI two days earlier. These reports remain unconfirmed.[64] A spokesman for the militant group said shortly after the news came out. “Reports regarding the killing of Amir-ul-Moemineen (Omar) are false. He is safe and sound and is not in Pakistan but Afghanistan.”[65] On 20 July 2011, phone text messages from accounts used by Taliban spokesmen Zabihullah Mujahid and Qari Mohammad Yousuf announced Omar’s death. Mujahid and Yousuf, however, quickly denied sending the messages, claimed that their mobile phones, websites, and e-mail accounts had been hacked, and they swore revenge on the telephone network providers.[66]

In 2012, it was revealed that an individual claiming to be Omar sent a letter to President Barack Obama in 2011, expressing slight interest in peace talks.[67][68]

On 31 May 2014, in return for American prisoner of war Sergeant Bowe Bergdahl, five senior Afghan detainees were released from the Guantanamo Bay detention camp in Cuba. Omar reportedly hailed their release.[69]

On 23 September 2014, Omar’s aide, Abdul Rahman Nika, was killed by Afghan special forces. According to Afghan intelligence service spokesman Abdul Nasheed Sediqi, Nika was involved in most of the Taliban’s attacks in western Afghanistan, including the kidnapping on 13 August of three Indian engineers, who were later rescued.[70]

Post NATO withdrawal from Afghanistan

In December 2014, acting Afghan intelligence chief Rahmatullah Nabil stated he wasn’t sure “whether Omar is alive or dead.” This came amid reports in late November, after the National Directorate of Security, Afghanistan’s intelligence agency revealed fracturing within the Taliban movement, speculating that a leadership struggle had ensued and therefore that Mullah Omar had died.[71] Later reports from Afghan intelligence in December revealed that Mullah Omar has been hiding in the Pakistani city of Karachi. An anonymous European intelligence official who confirmed this stated “There’s a consensus among all three branches of the Afghan security forces that Mullah Omar is alive. Not only do they think he’s alive, they say they have a good understanding of where exactly he is in Karachi.”[72]

Reported death

On 29 July 2015 the BBC and various other news agencies worldwide reported that Afghan government and intelligence sources said Omar had died two to three years previously, with no further details. Some Taliban sources denied that he had died; other sources considered the report to be speculative, designed to destabilise peace negotiations in Pakistan between the Afghan government and the Taliban. A Taliban spokesman said that they would issue a statement.[19]

Abdul Hassib Seddiqi, the spokesman for Afghanistan’s National Directorate of Security, said that Mullah Omar died in a hospital in the Pakistani city of Karachi in April 2013. “We confirm officially that he is dead,” he told The Associated Press.[73]